经常在杨先生的个人网站上看到他不厌其烦地解答各种问题,深为敬佩,不论是他的学识或是他的为人都是我们永远学习的榜样.看到有些网友问的问题非常不错,常常也是我们为之困惑的问题,而杨先生的回答则更让人赞叹,故而今后将陆续精选一些贴子放在我们论坛上让更多的人受惠.我想杨先生应该不会介意才是,呵呵.
案例一:
alan问:
敬的杨先生,我是中国外运股份有限公司的,您的朋友张祖跃先生的同事。前不久,我们与一家公司(希腊船东)签订了一个承租合同,一港装货,三港卸货,卸港分别为西班牙的malaga;摩洛哥的casablanca,毛里塔尼亚的nauakchott,条款为liner out。我们在船舶离开装港后支付了全额应付运费,取得了海运提单。船舶临到第一卸货港口,希腊的二船东突然要求我们交纳莫须有的20万欧元的额外费用,否则不予靠港卸货。提单的记名持有人不愿意卷入纠纷,却又急着收货,拿着提单给发货人施加压力,发货人找到我们要求给船东施加压力。经查,这条船是乌克兰原船东期租给希腊二船东的,我们距离西班牙距离遥远,而且诉讼费用较贵,想在西班牙先满足二船东的要求,在最后一港毛里塔尼亚采取扣船措施,不知是否可行,您能否提供好的建议,较为稳妥快捷地保护中国货主和租船人的利益。谢谢!
杨先生答:你的问题仍需要进一步的澄清才能说得准,例如要去了解希腊船东要求的20万欧元是否真是如你所讲的“莫须有”与敲诈性。另要去看租约有关条文,特别是像留置权的条文。但从表面看,如果你已经是全部支付了运费,加上估计在装港也不会产生什么滞期费,而且即使有产生滞期费也会有租约说明在将来再结算,这表示表面看来希腊船东要求的20万欧元的确是有很大的机会是乱来与不合理。
这种情况我也见到越来越多就是中方公司被无理敲诈(用你的话),因为是看死了中方公司怕打官司,也不能去有板有眼地对付这种局面。换言之,一造成了声誉是好欺负,就会吸引越来越多的人前来捞一把好处。这是念小学的时候应该有的教训。
至于对付目前局面的做法,我不妨说你的建议绝不恰当。理由可举如下:
(一)估计这希腊二船东也不会是财雄势大的公司,所以这20万欧元一去付掉给了这个外国光棍,想再追回来可就困难而且花费更大。
(二)我也无法理解为什么你会想到去毛里塔尼亚扣船。我自己对这个地方一点不认识更不要说它的相关海商法。估计去找一位懂得什么是扣船的律师也难找得到。
(三)还有一个基本错误就是向你敲诈与和你订约的只是二船东,而船舶并非是二船东所拥有。加上这种争议也不是属于“海事优先权”(maritime lien),你怎能去扣无辜船东的船舶?
(四)另一个重大的忧虑是希腊船东如果看到你这么容易这么快就投降,难保船进了第一卸港的malaga在卸了一半后再要求40万欧元与/或在抵达第二卸港的casablanca前再要求80万欧元,你难道再度投降吗?由于贪念是没有止境的,所以一开始希腊船东想敲就应该作出抵抗,而不是去马上想到投降。
至于更好的解决办法,有好几种,以下介绍三种:
方法(A):这是一个“半投降”的息事宁人的办法,但至少可以防止希腊船东以后再继续来敲诈。这就是告诉希腊船东你不同意这笔20万欧元的钱,但为了尽快卸货,你同意马上付出这20万欧元,存放在malaga的法院或者在伦敦的一个共同银行账户或者英国律师的客户账户,然后由伦敦仲裁去裁定是否是应该支付。我估计你与希腊船东的租约应该是会去规定伦敦仲裁吧。我也估计希腊船东不会是一点不掩饰地向你说:“我就是敲你20万欧元,否则不卸货,不进港。”估计它会是随便找一个借口然后以留置货物的权利拒绝进港。但英美法律的地位是留置所要求的钱即使是合理但仍有争议,被留置方可把该笔钱存放到法院以交换放弃留置,然后这笔钱的处理就由法院诉讼去决定。所以你如果一向希腊船东提出上述的做法,希腊船东就再也不会有任何说得过去的理由可继续去拒绝进港。更重要的,你以这样的办法去回应,显示了你的水平,令希腊船东不敢再去进一步乱来。
我建议你发一个电传给希腊二船东,但最好抄本给真正船东与它的互保协会(这些资料很容易查),说:
“The charterers regret that the disponent owners unreasonably and unlawfully demand the payment of Euro 200,000 and purported to exercise a lien on the cargoes by refusing to enter the port of Malaga. The charterers hereby reserve the right to claim for damages. But with the view to quickly resolve this matter and to avoid further delay, the charterers, UNDER PROTEST, offer to the disponent owners to pay this amount either into the Malaga court or to a joint account in London, pending London arbitration to resolve your alleged entitlement to this amount. Due to the difficulty of setting up a joint account, the charterers can in the alternative offer to pay this amount to a reputable and competent London law firm instructed by the disponent owners and hold it as the stakeholder. With this offer on table, the disponent owners can no longer have any excuses whatsoever to delay the vessel. As there are further cargoes to be discharged at the second and third ports, there is also no need to hold back at the first port at Malaga. There are ample opportunities to lien the cargoes if the charterers failed to put up security as above pursuant to the disponent owners’ agreement and provision of law firm’s name and bank account detail.
This fax is copied to the actual owners and their P&I Club because they are responsible under the bills of lading for delay and refusal to discharge. Therefore they are entitled to be informed in advance for any possible action against the vessel.
Please advice.”
方法(B):这是一个更好的办法,就是去置身其外。我认为收货人把压力放在你的头上也是一种人性找最好欺负的人施加压力。这是因为货物装船后,除非有特殊的规定,卖家的风险就转移给买家。如果航次有什么延误或者不合理绕航等违约行为,买家理应根据提单合约去对付船东,而不是回来找卖家。事实上,如果你作为卖家要去向船舶采取行动或者索赔,你还是要借用买家的名义。否则你根本没有合约关系,也无法证明有什么损失。所以,我可以建议你打一个电传给有关的买方(malaga与casablanca等),说:
“We, as sellers, regret to know that the vessel refuses to enter the port of Malaga and discharge the cargoes, unless a sum of Euro 200,000 is paid. We agree this demand is wholly unreasonable and unlawful. However, before we can take any actions against the vessel, the contractual relation must be ascertained. Firstly between you and us, our contract is a sale contract, and the risk of shipment pass from us to you upon the shipment of cargoes. Against this risk, you have the coverage of insurance as well as a contractual right under the bills of lading to enforce against the vessel.
For us to go against the vessel has grave problems. Firstly, we are not a party of the bill of lading. Even more important is the fact that, we, as the sellers, can prove no damage for the delay. Therefore even if we want to be of help, there is a clear limitation. We therefore urge you to instruct lawyers to compel the vessel to enter the port of Malaga and Casablanca without delay. This will no doubt be the most effective and speedy way. After all, it is your cargoes at stake which you have already paid for.
Please advice.” |